TYPES OF RESEARCH

A. Qualitative and Quantitative Research
1. Qualitative penelitaian
According to Strauss qualitative research intended as a kind of research that the findings are not obtained through statistical procedures or other forms of matter. As to that, Raymond Tambunan, 2008, in qualitative research is the search process the data to understand the social problems that are based on thorough research (holistic), formed by the words, and obtained from the natural situation.
Meanwhile, According to Creswell (in Wahyono, 2009) a qualitative approach is an approach to build the statement knowledge based perspective-constructive (for example, the meanings derived from individual experiences, social values ​​and history, with the aim of building a theory or pattern of certain knowledge) , or based on a participatory perspective (eg: orientation towards politics, issues, collaboration, or changes), or both.
According Massofa 2008 while the characteristics of qualitative research, namely:
1. In a qualitative study data were collected in the original condition or natural (natural setting).
2. Research as a research tool, meaning that researchers as the primary means of collecting data that is data collection method based on observations and interviews
3. In a qualitative study sought descriptive data collection which is then written in the report. Data obtained from this study in the form of words, pictures, and not numbers.
4. The qualitative research is more concerned with the process than the results, meaning that the data collection is often noticed the results and effect of many variables that influence each other.
5. Background behavior or action requested meaning. Thus, what is behind human behavior is essential for qualitative research. Prioritize data instantly or "first hand". Qualitative research requires as much as possible to the researchers to conduct their own research activities in the field.
6. In qualitative research used the method of triangulation performed extensively both tringulasi methods and triangulation of data sources.
7. Concerned contextual details. Researchers collect and record very detailed data about the things that are considered to be related to the problems examined.
8. The subjects studied are equal to the researchers, so not as an object or a low position.
9. Stresses emic perspective, that is concerned with the views of respondents, which is how he looked at and interpret the world and in terms of its establishment.
10. Verify. Application of this method among others, through the case of conflicting or negative.
11. purposive sampling. Qualitative methods using small sample and selected according to the purpose of research.
12. Using the "audit trail". The method in question is by including the method of collecting and analyzing data.
13. Conducting the analysis since the beginning of the study. Data obtained directly analyzed, followed by further data search and analysis, and so forth until considered to achieve adequate results.
14. The nature of the basic theory. With the data obtained from studies in the field can be formulated conclusions or theories.

According Massofa 2008 theoretical foundations in the qualitative approach are:
1. The phenomenological approach. In view of phenomenology, the researchers sought to understand the meaning of events and linkages to ordinary people in certain situations.
2. Approach symbolic interaction. In a symbolic interaction approach assumed that the object of people, situations and events do not have their own understanding, otherwise the sense that is given to them. Understanding that dlberikan people on the experience and process of interpretation is essential and decisive.
3. Approach culture. To illustrate the culture according to this perspective, a researcher might be able to think of an event in which people are expected to behave well. Researchers with this approach says that what should be expected to behave in a cultural background.
4. Approach ethnometodology. Ethnometodology seeks to understand how the public perceives, explains and illustrates the layout of their own lives. Ethnometodology trying to understand how people are starting to see, explain, and outlines the order of the world in which they live. A qualitative researcher who apply this perspective seeks to interpret events and social events in accordance with the viewpoint of the object of research.

2. Quantitative Research
Jonathan Sarwono in suggesting quantitative approach emphasizes the importance of the variables as research objects and these variables must be defined in the form of operationalization of each variable. Reliability and validity is a necessary condition that must be met in using this approach because both of these elements will determine the quality of research results and replication capabilities, and generalization of the use of models similar research. Furthermore, quantitative research requires the hypothesis and testing which will then determine the next steps, such as the determination of the analysis techniques and statistical formulas that will be used. Also, this approach gives more meaning in relation to the interpretation of the statistics is not linguistic or cultural significance.
Jonathan Sarwono in suggesting quantitative approach aims to test the theory, establishing the fact, shows the relationship between variables, provides a statistical description, estimate and predict the results. The study, using a quantitative approach is quantitative data / statistics-coding or coding that can be quantified. Data in the form of variables and operationalization by the scale of a certain size, for example the nominal scale, ordinal, interval and ratio.
The characteristics of quantitative research by A Muri Joseph (60: 2005) is as follows:
1. Quantitative research is conducted using a structured design, formal and specific, and have operasionalyang detailed design.
2. The data collected is quantitative or can be quantified by calculating or measuring
3. Quantitative research is momentum, or using a specific time interval, or the time spent in short, except for certain purposes
4. Quantitative research requires a hypothesis or questions that need to be answered, to guide the direction and achievement of the goals of the study.
5. Data analysis was performed using the statistic, either inferential statistical differential Maupin
6. Quantitative research oriented products of the process
7. The samples used broad, random, accurate and repsentatif
8. The instrument used in the data mengumpulakn let trustworthy, reliable, has norms and practical

B. Research Survey and Non-Survey
According Waisberg (in A Muri Yusuf, 98: 2005) survey is a systematic investigation to gather information related to an object of study, using questionnaires or a list of questions that have been structured. Ikhsanuddin, et al, 2007, notes a very important thing in survey research is empirical data or data field. These data are needed in each of the variables studied, to then be studied and drawn conclusions. Although in the literature we have not found explicitly the relationship between the history of the survey with the philosophical tradition of positivism, it is known that survey as above is very close to the positivistic paradigm.
In the survey the most important things done by the researchers is to describe and clarify the issue. To that end, the researchers must have the typical questions or specific to be discussed from different sides. Of the specific problems, the researchers determined the variables. Variables have a very central position in panelitian. In survey research, the variables can consist of things that is sociological and psychological
According to Malay Research Foundation, in 2008 the results of the survey can also be used for various purposes such as the following:
1) Research the core can be used as an early form of research is planned to be followed up with other studies that are more specific.
2) With the survey, researchers can explore and descriptive as research purposes.
3) With this research, they can also do the classification of the problems to be solved later

C. Basic and Applied Research
1. The basic research or pure research
According to Malay Research Foundation, 2008 in basic research or pure research is the search for something because there is concern and curiosity about the outcome of an activity. Basic research is done without thinking about the utilization of research results to the human society.
The results of basic research is common knowledge and notions about nature and its laws. This knowledge is a tool to solve problems PRAKTIKA, walaupunia not give a thorough answer to the problem. Terapanlah research tasks that will menjawabmasalah these practical problems.
Charters (in Malay Research Foundation 2008 in a state that basic research consisted of hainya election of a typical problem from any source, and carefully solve the problem without thinking about social will or the economy or society. Examples of pure research for example, research on gene, of the nucleus, and so forth.

2. Applied research
According to Malay Research Foundation, 2008 in applied research is the investigation carefully, systematically and continuously to a problem with the destination can be exploited for the benefit of humans, both individually and in groups. The results of the study do not need to be as a new invention, but it is a new application of existing work.
Applied research chose the problem that has to do with the desires of the community as well as to improve existing practices. Applied research should immediately announce the research results in a timely manner so that the invention does not become outdated.
Examples of applied research of which included a consumer survey conducted by a store and supermarket, action research on agricultural ternologi tools and production tools in a company. Educational research related to how to improve student interest, curriculum implementation, quality improvement, and so on.


























BIBLIOGRAPHY

A Muri Joseph. 2005. Research Methodology (Fundamentals of Scientific Research). Padang: UNP Press

www.geocities.com/jsarwono_bbrc/ ai / pdkk.pdf (visited on 09 April 2009)

http://malayresearchfoundation.blogspot.com/2008/08/jenis-jenis-penelitian.html (visited on 09 April 2009)

http://massofa.wordpress.com/ 2008/01/14 / peel-completion-method-qualitative-research-bag-1 / (visited on 09 April 2009)

http://images.purbayubs.multiply.com/attachment/0/SDT5pQoKCDQAABJQIGs1/Metode%20Penelitian%20Kualitatif.doc?nmid=97239350) (visited on 09 April 2009)

http://konselor.co.cc/ (visited on 09 April 2009)